ABSTRACT
Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most predominant type of oral cancer which has a poor prognosis, with 5-year survival rates less than 50%. Clinical characteristics such as tumor position, TNM classification and method of treat- ment, as well as histological grades have all been studied as OSCC prognostic factors but evaluating the genetic expression is the evolving trend in early diagnosis. Aim: To compare the gene expression of TGF-?-1, GSK3, Pi3 kinase in OSCC and normal tissue samples and to correlate the expression levels of these molecules with the pathological grading and survival in OSCC patients. Also to understand the role of GSK3 in Pi3 kinase pathway and TGF-? signaling pathway in OSCC progression thereby attempting targeted therapy in OSCC patients. Materials and Methods: 10 OSCC samples as well as normal healthy samples were collected and RNA isolation was done us- ing RNA easy kit from Qiagen (Valencia, CA), and thensubjected to cDNA synthesis using Human TGF-?1, Human GSK3? and Human Pi3 kinase primers. Real time PCR was performed using gene specific primers at 40 cycles. The results were retrieved, tabulated and analyzed. Results: The current research results revealed that there were up regulation of mRNA expression in GSK3, TGF ?-1 and Pi3 kinase in OSCC patients than in healthy individuals. On comparison, Pi3 kinase showed highest mRNA expression levels than GSK3 and TGF ?-1. Conclusion: The expression of GSK3 and its role in activation of Pi3 kinase pathway plays a crucial role in progression of oral cancer and targeting GSK3?could be a novel and targeted approach for treating OSCC.
ABSTRACT
Background: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is graded according to various histological factors which include the epithelial changes and the connective tissue changes. These features could be identified in routine Hematoxylin and Eosin (H and E) staining in shades of pink. However, the use of special stains provides a contrast to various connective tissue components thereby aiding in better visualization of these connective tissue changes in advanced OSMF cases. Objective:To compare and evaluate muscle involvement and degeneration in advanced oral submucous fibrosis using three different stains namely, H&E, Van Gieson, and Masson's Trichrome. Material and Methods: 10 Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections of advanced OSMFwere stained using 3 different stains namely Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Van-Gieson, and Masson trichrome. The results obtained were tabulated and statistically analyzed using Kruskal Wallis ANOVA. Results: The hyalinization and fibrosis involving the skeletal muscle were better visualized in Masson's Trichrome but were not statistically significant. The muscle degeneration in deeper areas was better visualized in Masson's trichrome when compared to the H&E and Van Gieson. Conclusion: Hematoxylin and eosin stains all the connective tissue components in various shades of pink, use of special stains bestows contrast between different components of connective tissue, thus improvising grading of OSMF. Masson's trichrome stain can be used as a single adjunct to hematoxylin and eosin stain as changes in the superficial and deeper connective tissue could be ascertained (AU)
Contexto: A fibrose submucosa oral (FSO) é classificada de acordo com vários fatores histológicos que incluem alterações epiteliais e do tecido conjuntivo. Essas características podem ser identificadas na coloração de rotina com Hematoxilina e Eosina (H&E) em tons de rosa. No entanto, o uso de colorações especiais fornece um contraste para vários componentes do tecido conjuntivo, auxiliando assim na melhor visualização dessas alterações do tecido conjuntivo em casos avançados de FSO. Objetivo: Comparar e avaliar o envolvimento e degeneração muscular da fibrose submucosa oral avançada usando três colorações diferentes: H&E, Van Gieson e Tricrômio de Masson. Material e Métodos: 10 seções de tecido fixadas em formalina e embebidas em parafina de FSO avançada foram coradas usando essas três colorações. Os resultados obtidos foram tabulados e analisados estatisticamente por meio do teste de Kruskal Wallis. Resultados: A hialinização e fibrose envolvendo o músculo esquelético foram melhor visualizadas no tricromo de Masson, mas não foram estatisticamente significativas. A degeneração muscular em áreas mais profundas foi melhor visualizada no tricrômico de Masson, quando comparado ao H&E e Van Gieson. Conclusão: Hematoxilina e Eosina coloram todos os componentes do tecido conjuntivo em vários tons de rosa. O uso de colorações especiais confere contraste entre os diferentes componentes do tecido conjuntivo, melhorando assim a avaliação da FSO. A coloração com tricrômio de Masson pode ser usada como um único adjunto para a coloração de Hematoxilina e Eosina, pois assim é possível verificar alterações superficiais e profundas no tecido conjuntivo. (AU)